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Cannabis-based medicinal products in the UK

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Medicinal use of cannabis based products and cannabinoids

Many patients are exploring alternative treatments for a variety of disorders using cannabis-based products and cannabinoids. THC and CBD are the most studied therapeutic cannabinoids in cannabis, which contains over 113. CBD is non-psychoactive and may have antipsychotic effects, unlike THC. Cannabinoids have been shown to treat chronic pain, anxiety, depression, and insomnia. They may treat multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, cancer, and other conditions. Cannabis-based products include oils, tinctures, capsules, and topicals. Patients should be aware of state-specific legal restrictions on these products. Before using cannabis or cannabinoids, consult a doctor to ensure safety and efficacy. Cannabis-based products and cannabinoids could transform healthcare and offer patients alternative treatment options.

Examples of Medicinal Uses of Cannabis-based Products and Cannabinoids

  1. Management of chronic pain: Studies have shown that cannabis-based products, particularly those containing THC and CBD, can effectively alleviate chronic pain associated with conditions such as fibromyalgia, arthritis, and neuropathy.
  2. Treatment of anxiety and depression: THC and CBD have been found to have anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, making them potential alternatives to traditional pharmaceuticals for treating anxiety and depression.
  3. Reduction of chemotherapy-related side effects: Cannabis-based products can alleviate symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite that are common side effects of chemotherapy.
  4. Treatment of epilepsy: CBD has been shown to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures in some forms of epilepsy, such as Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
  5. Management of symptoms of multiple sclerosis: Cannabis-based products can help alleviate muscle stiffness, spasticity, and pain associated with multiple sclerosis.
  6. Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: Cannabis-based products can reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms of conditions such as Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
  7. Management of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Cannabis-based products may help alleviate symptoms such as anxiety and insomnia in patients with PTSD.
  8. Treatment of glaucoma: THC can lower intraocular pressure and may be an effective treatment for glaucoma.
  9. Reduction of symptoms in Parkinson’s disease: Cannabis-based products can help alleviate symptoms such as tremors and muscle stiffness in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
  10. Management of symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease: THC and CBD may help alleviate symptoms such as agitation and sleep disturbances in patients with Alzheimer’s disease.

Synthetic cannabinoids for medicinal use

Cannabinoid receptor agonists, or synthetic cannabinoids, are lab-made compounds that activate the same receptors as natural cannabinoids like tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). These compounds modulate the endocannabinoid system, which regulates pain, mood, appetite, and immune function, making them promising therapeutic agents. Synthetic cannabinoids have high potency and selectivity for specific receptor subtypes, making them a promising target for developing drugs with fewer side effects and greater efficacy. Synthetic cannabinoids have been tested for pain management, cancer chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, sleep disorders, and psychiatric disorders. Dronabinol, a synthetic form of THC, is FDA-approved to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea and AIDS-related appetite loss. Nabilone, another synthetic cannabinoid, has the same indications. Recent studies suggest synthetic cannabinoids may treat chronic pain, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and other neurological disorders. In a randomized controlled trial, nabiximols reduced pain in MS patients. Another study found that synthetic cannabinoid CBD reduced severe epilepsy seizures in children. Synthetic cannabinoids have therapeutic potential, but more research is needed to determine their safety, efficacy, and limitations before they can be widely used in clinical practice.

Recommendations for research

Research tips Technology’s effects on education need further study. First, we need more research on how technology tools and platforms work in different learning environments. Studies on how technology affects learning outcomes, student engagement, and motivation are needed. Second, technology integration into teacher training and professional development needs research. This research should identify the best ways to help teachers use technology to improve learning. Thirdly, we need to understand how technology affects student mental health. Technology’s negative effects on students, such as screen time and social isolation, must be considered as education increasingly relies on it. Research should identify the best ways to promote healthy technology use among students. Finally, research is needed on how to use technology to support diverse learners like English language learners, students with disabilities, and low-income students. This research should identify the best methods for supporting these students and improving education. More research is needed to understand how technology affects education and to find the best ways to use technology to improve student learning.

What is the evidence underpinning medicinal use of cannabis based products and cannabinoids?

Cannabis and cannabinoids are being used to treat chronic pain, neuropathic pain, spasticity, multiple sclerosis, cancer symptoms, epilepsy, and anxiety. Many countries have legalized cannabis-based products for medical use due to growing research on their therapeutic potential. Cannabinoids for pain relief have strong evidence. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials found that cannabis-based products reduce chronic pain, spasticity, and neuropathic pain in MS patients. Cannabinoids reduced chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in another systematic review. More research is needed to determine cannabis-based products’ safety and efficacy. The lack of quality control, the difficulty of standardizing cannabis-based product composition and dosage, and the potential for cognitive impairment, dizziness, and paranoia make research in this area difficult. However, cannabinoids have the potential to treat a variety of health conditions, and research in this area will likely continue in the coming years.

Non-medicinal products

Personal healthcare involves non-medicinal products, which are becoming increasingly popular due to their clinical and cost effectiveness. These products – which range from toiletries and skincare to supplements and homeopathic remedies – help maintain physical and mental health. In fact, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommends essential oils and aromatherapy for aids patients suffering from stress, anxiety, and other mental health issues. Furthermore, high-quality vitamin, mineral, and nutrient supplements are also popular non-medicinal products, especially organic, natural, and plant-based ones that provide essential nutrients without side effects. With the recent legalization of cannabis-based medicinal products in the UK, many people are also turning to these non-medicinal products to nourish and support a healthy, balanced life. Lastly, skincare products are highly sought-after as they defend against environmental stressors and aging. Award-winning skincare products cleanse, tone, hydrate, exfoliate, and protect with natural ingredients.

Who should prescribe?

Prescribers: who? Patients with multiple health conditions and complicated medication regimens often ask this. Prescriptions are complicated and require a lot of medical knowledge. This is why you need a qualified doctor to prescribe medication. The patient’s needs and the medication determine the best prescriber. For common illnesses like colds and flu, a general practitioner or family doctor may prescribe medication. A cardiologist or neurologist may be needed for more complex conditions. Not all doctors can prescribe medication. Nurses and physician assistants may need a physician’s consent to prescribe medication. Chiropractors and naturopaths may not be licensed to prescribe medication. Patient needs, medication type, and healthcare provider qualifications determine who should prescribe medication. Patients should ask their doctor about their medication regimen and who prescribes it. This ensures they get the best care.

Terms used in this guideline

This guideline, which focuses on disability inclusion and accessibility terminology, provides readers with a list of terms used to clarify concepts related to this topic. These terms are frequently used interchangeably in everyday language, but this guideline defines them and uses them in a specific context to ensure the reader fully comprehends their meaning. Disability refers to any mental or physical impairments that can interfere with daily activities, such as walking, seeing or hearing. Accessibility relates to the ability of a product, environment or service to accommodate the needs of all, including those with disabilities. It includes removing physical and other hurdles that hinder individuals with disabilities from accessing, using, and enjoying products and services. Universal design refers to creating products and environments that are accessible to all individuals, taking into account their diverse abilities. When reasonable accommodations are made, disabled individuals can work, use products and services, and access environments without undue burden on the organization or individual. These definitions help readers understand the terms used in discussions around severe treatment-resistant epilepsy, rigorous clinical trials, individual patients, the British Paediatric Neurology Association, and plant-based products for medicinal purposes.

Shared care

Collaborative healthcare is called shared care. Patients, healthcare professionals, and caregivers share information, responsibilities, and decision-making. This approach allows patients to actively manage their chronic conditions with support from trusted professionals. Shared care can vary depending on patient needs and condition. It may involve regular visits to a primary care doctor or specialist, digital health self-monitoring and tracking, or patient support groups. Shared care improves provider communication and coordination. Healthcare professionals can provide the best care with fewer gaps and errors by working together and sharing information. Shared care empowers patients. Shared care empowers patients by involving them in decision-making and giving them the tools and knowledge to manage their condition. Modern shared care benefits patients and providers. Patients and healthcare professionals can collaborate to provide the best care, improving health outcomes and quality of life.

Why and how are cannabis based products and cannabinoids therapeutic (or harmful)?

Due to their therapeutic potential, cannabis and cannabinoids have garnered attention in recent years. The body’s endocannabinoid system regulates pain perception, mood, appetite, and immune system responses through these compounds. THC and CBD reduce pain, inflammation, anxiety, and depression. Cannabis-based products may also treat cancer, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Cannabis-based products carry risks. THC can cause temporary cognitive impairment and paranoia in high doses. Long-term use can cause mental illness and addiction. Due to a lack of regulation, cannabis products may be contaminated or mislabeled, causing harm. As with any medication, cannabis-based products should be used responsibly after consulting a doctor.

What are the latest developments in regulation, in the UK and internationally?

In May 2018, the UK implemented the GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation). This new regulation gives individuals more control over their personal data and increases penalties for data breaches. The government is also updating the Data Protection Act 1998 and incorporating the GDPR into UK law with a new Data Protection Bill. Data privacy laws are changing globally. The EU is expanding the GDPR to include genetic and biometric data and working on the ePrivacy Regulation to protect electronic communications. The Consumer Data Protection Act, introduced by Congress in the US, would require companies to get customer consent before collecting data and allow customers to delete their data. Australia’s NDB Scheme requires companies to notify customers and authorities of data breaches. These regulatory changes reflect the growing need to protect personal data in the digital age. Companies must be aware of these changes and adapt to avoid legal issues. Transparency, accountability, and personal data control will likely drive stronger data privacy regulation.

Education into practice

Implementation Any career starts with professional education. Assimilation and skill development are needed to move from theory to practice. Self-reflection, guidance, and practice must be balanced to ensure learners are competent, confident, and ready to face challenges. In the education into practice phase, learners apply the skills and knowledge they learned and make adjustments to fit the professional environment. It takes patience, persistence, and discipline. To ensure a smooth transition, learners need adequate guidance and support. Mentoring, feedback, and coaching are crucial to helping students apply their education. To improve, learners need real-world practice and constructive feedback. It’s also important to keep learners abreast of industry developments and provide them with ongoing learning and development opportunities. In conclusion, the education-to-practice phase is crucial to learners’ careers. To succeed in their fields, students need guidance, support, and practice. This phase can boost confidence and lead to a rewarding career.

3. Spasticity

Cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury often cause spasticity. It causes involuntary muscle movements, stiffness, and spasms. Depending on severity, spasticity can improve or impair function. Spasticity can improve posture, but too much can impair daily life. Oral medications, injections, and physical therapy treat spasticity. Spasticity is treated with oral benzodiazepines, baclofen, and tizanidine. These drugs may cause drowsiness, weakness, and nausea. Spasticity can be managed with botulinum toxin injections. Physical therapists can also teach spasticity-related muscle stretching and strengthening exercises. Surgery may reduce spasticity. Working with doctors to manage spasticity improves quality of life.

How patients were involved in the creation of this article

Patient input drives this article. We contacted patients through patient advocacy groups and online communities to learn about their priorities before researching and writing. We interviewed patients who generously shared their chronic illness, disability, and rare disease stories. We made this article relatable, informative, and patient-friendly by including their perspectives. We also consulted patient groups and organizations throughout the writing process to verify information accuracy and clarify medical terms and jargon. This article was created with patients to empower them with accurate information, raise awareness, and support their health journeys. We are grateful to the patients who generously shared their stories with us, and we hope this article will improve their lives and those of others with chronic illnesses or disabilities.

Fibromyalgia or persistent treatment-resistant neuropathic pain in adults

Adults with fibromyalgia and persistent treatment-resistant neuropathic pain have poor quality of life. Complex fibromyalgia causes widespread pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance. It affects 2-4% of people, mostly women. There are no laboratory or imaging tests for fibromyalgia, making diagnosis difficult. Instead, symptoms, physical examination findings, and exclusion of other conditions determine the diagnosis. However, nerve damage or dysfunction causes persistent treatment-resistant neuropathic pain. Diabetes, postherpetic neuralgia, and nerve injuries often cause it. Nerve conduction studies and imaging can detect neuropathic pain, unlike fibromyalgia. These conditions usually require pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment. Duloxetine, pregabalin, and amitriptyline can treat fibromyalgia pain and insomnia. Exercise, CBT, and acupuncture may also help. Gabapentin, pregabalin, and tricyclic antidepressants treat chronic neuropathic pain. Nerve blocks or surgery may be needed. Fibromyalgia and treatment-resistant neuropathic pain are complex conditions that require individualized treatment plans. These patients can improve their quality of life and symptom management by working with doctors and exploring treatment options.

1. Intractable nausea and vomiting

1. Intractable nausea and vomiting are severe and long-lasting conditions that afflict adult patients who do not respond to treatment. These conditions can make it difficult for patients to eat, drink, and function normally. Intractable nausea and vomiting can be caused by a range of disorders, including gastrointestinal, neurological, and chemotherapy-induced disorders. Recently, medical cannabis has been legalized in the UK, making it possible for hospital specialists to explore the use of naturally occurring cannabinoids to alleviate these symptoms. Clinical evidence suggests that medical cannabis can be effective in managing intractable nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy, but more research is necessary to determine its clinical and cost effectiveness. Herbal cannabis has also been shown to be effective in treating a range of conditions such as functional dyspepsia, gastroparesis, and gastroduodenal motility disorders. These conditions are caused by disruptions in stomach and intestinal contractions, which delay or impair digestion and cause symptoms such as bloating, abdominal pain, and fullness. Intractable nausea and vomiting may also be caused by migraines, vestibular disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases, which can disrupt brain-gut signals and result in dizziness, vertigo, and nausea. Despite the promising benefits of medical cannabis, healthcare professionals must still carefully assess the underlying cause to diagnose and treat. Treatment may include antiemetic medications, dietary changes, and complementary therapies like acupuncture and relaxation to manage the symptoms of intractable nausea and vomiting. Patients should also be monitored for signs of dehydration, malnutrition, and decreased chemotherapy response, which can affect treatment outcomes. Furthermore, the effects of medical cannabis on cognitive function in adult patients should be investigated in future studies.

Chronic pain in children and young people

Chronic pain affects everyone, including children and teens. Chronic pain, which lasts more than three months, can limit a child’s ability to participate in daily activities and affect their social, emotional, and academic development. Up to 20% of children experience chronic pain, mostly headaches, abdominal pain, and musculoskeletal pain. Medical conditions like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease, injuries, surgeries, and psychological factors like anxiety, depression, and trauma can cause chronic pain in children. Medication, physical therapy, psychotherapy, or complementary and alternative therapies can be customized for each child. With proper diagnosis and treatment, children and youth with chronic pain can lead fulfilling and productive lives. To help children with chronic pain, parents, caregivers, and healthcare providers must collaborate.

2 Study Protocols and Clinical Trials

Clinical trials are crucial in evaluating new drugs and procedures for products for medicinal use. Study protocols and clinical trials can help identify the best course of action for prescribing cannabis based products and other pharmacological treatments in certain forms. These studies follow ethical and regulatory standards to protect patients and are reviewed and approved by independent ethics committees and regulatory authorities such as the European Medicines Agency. Typically, clinical trials have four phases to evaluate different aspects of the experimental intervention. These phases identify potential benefits and risks of the intervention, and determine its safety and efficacy for human use. It’s clear that without these important studies, medical progress would be slower and the safety, as well as the efficacy of new interventions, would be much more uncertain. Consequently, study protocols and clinical trials are vital to modern healthcare in improving patient outcomes and quality of life.

2. Chronic pain

Chronic pain debilitates millions worldwide, according to health research. Injury, illness, and poorly healed wounds can cause it. Chronic pain disrupts daily life, relationships, and quality of life. As people cope with constant pain, it can cause depression, anxiety, and other emotional issues. Medication, physical therapy, counseling, and even surgery can treat chronic pain in various pharmaceutical forms. Recently, research conducted on cannabis derivatives has shown promising results in treating chronic pain. Relevant trials have shown that cannabis derivatives can significantly reduce chronic pain in patients. Acupuncture, massage, and mindfulness help many chronic pain patients, but unfortunately, chronic pain requires a combination of treatments and management strategies, such as the use of pharmaceutical forms and cannabis derivatives, to provide long-term relief. Chronic pain patients must collaborate with their doctors to create a customized treatment plan that includes relevant trials and promising new treatments available in modern medicine. Chronic pain can be managed with these new treatments, allowing patients to live fulfilling lives.

THC in combination with CBD for severe treatment-resistant epilepsy

Recent research in the field of medical cannabis suggests that naturally occurring cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), can effectively treat severe treatment-resistant epilepsy, particularly in those with Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. THC, with its psychoactive, anti-inflammatory, and anticonvulsant properties, when combined with CBD, which is non-psychoactive and also anticonvulsant, has shown to improve seizure control in these patients. This development could provide substantial relief for people with treatment-resistant epilepsy, particularly those who do not respond to traditional treatments such as chemotherapy induced nausea. However, due to THC being one of the controlled drugs, access to medicinal cannabis products requires a specialist doctor in the UK. While THC can cause side effects and may not be suitable for everyone, research into dosing and safety for this population is ongoing. This research is particularly important in light of the recent legalization of cannabis based medicinal products in the UK, which could pave the way for more accessible medicinal cannabis options for patients suffering from epilepsy. Despite these promising developments, further research is needed to fully understand the potential of THC and CBD as treatment options for severe treatment-resistant epilepsy in patients who may benefit from cannabis sativa-based medicinal products.

2.1 Clinical Trials With a Positive Outcome

Drug development has relied on clinical trials for decades, and they have produced many positive outcomes. These trials help drug developers assess new formulations’ safety, efficacy, and usability in treating various conditions. Fortunately, many of these trials produce positive results, leading to the development of new medications that can improve patients’ health. For instance, clinical trials led to the HPV vaccine, which reduces cervical cancer, and antiretroviral therapy for HIV has greatly improved HIV patients’ quality of life and life expectancy. Recently, scientific research has focused on developing medications for more severe treatment resistant epilepsy, with some doctors now prescribing cannabis based products like cannabis oils. However, clinical trials that investigate such central nervous system depressants require careful evaluation to ensure patient safety. Despite this, clinical trials have improved patient outcomes and given us hope for treating incurable diseases. In summary, they demonstrate how these trials advance global treatment options.

2.4 Study Protocols

Any research project needs a protocol to outline its methods and procedures. Study protocols typically cover research design, data collection, and participant recruitment. The protocol helps meet research goals and conduct the study ethically, rigorously, and transparently. A well-written protocol can also guide researchers through the research process, ensuring that the study follows the agreed-upon plan. Study protocols ensure the study’s findings are valid and reliable and provide accountability and transparency to the research community and the public. When creating a study protocol, researchers must understand the study’s purpose, methods, limitations, and ethics. Researchers can establish credibility and ensure that their study’s results add to knowledge by doing so.

Detailed Information about CBD

MedicationCBD (Cannabidiol)THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol)
Chemical FormulaC21H30O2C21H30O2
SourceHemp and Marijuana PlantsMarijuana Plants
Legal Status in the USLegal at the federal level with some restrictionsIllegal at the federal level, legal for medical and recreational use in some states
Medical UseUsed to treat epilepsy, anxiety, pain, and inflammationUsed to treat nausea, vomiting, and appetite loss, and to reduce pain and inflammation
Psychoactive EffectsDoes not produce psychoactive effectsProduces psychoactive effects, including euphoria and altered perception of time and space
Side EffectsDry mouth, reduced appetite, drowsiness, and diarrheaDry mouth, increased heart rate, coordination problems, and anxiety or paranoia
Drug TestingTypically does not show up on drug testsShows up on drug tests, and can result in positive results even if used days or weeks prior to testing
Potential RisksLimited research on long-term effects, possible interaction with other medicationsImpaired cognitive and motor function, potential for addiction and abuse, and increased risk of mental health issues in certain populations

Chemotherapy-induced intractable nausea and vomiting in adults

Adult chemotherapy patients often experience intractable chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). Over 70% of chemotherapy patients develop CINV, and 30–50% of these cases are intractable. This condition can reduce a patient’s quality of life and even interrupt chemotherapy treatment. To alleviate this discomfort, doctors prescribe various CINV medications, such as 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, NK-1 receptor antagonists, and glucocorticoids. However, these drugs do not work for everyone, and some patients experience adverse events. Intractable CINV needs better treatments, and alternative methods are now being studied. Researchers are exploring the use of cannabinoids derived from the cannabis plant for their potential in reducing intractable CINV. While the General Medical Council does not currently approve cannabis-based products, studies suggest that it may help chemotherapy patients with CINV. Additionally, other alternative treatments are being studied, such as olanzapine and acupuncture. These alternative treatments may offer relief for chemotherapy patients struggling with intractable CINV.

Intractable nausea and vomiting not caused by chemotherapy in adults

Intractable nausea and vomiting without chemotherapy affects 1-3% of the population and is distressing. Gastrointestinal, metabolic, central nervous system, and medication side effects can cause it. Dehydration, malnutrition, weight loss, and poor quality of life can result from severe symptoms. Intractable nausea and vomiting can be treated with pharmacological, dietary, and cognitive-behavioral interventions after a thorough evaluation of the cause. Antiemetics, prokinetics, and cannabinoids can treat intractable nausea and vomiting, including cannabis derived products from the plant cannabis sativa. However, the cause of the symptoms and the potential benefits and side effects determine the best treatment, whether it be through synthetic compounds or the legalization of cannabis based medicinal products in the UK. In conclusion, intractable nausea and vomiting not caused by chemotherapy is a difficult clinical problem that requires a thorough evaluation and customized treatment, including potential options from the cannabis sativa plant, to improve patients’ quality of life.

Intractable nausea and vomiting not caused by chemotherapy in babies, children and young people

Babies, children, and teens can suffer from intractable nausea and vomiting without chemotherapy. The patient’s quality of life may be affected by frequent and severe vomiting. Gastrointestinal, metabolic, neurological, and psychological factors can cause this condition. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a leading cause of intractable nausea and vomiting in children (GERD). The baby’s stomach acid rises into the esophagus, causing vomiting and discomfort. GERD treatments include diet, lifestyle, and medication. Amino acid metabolism, mitochondrial, and organic acidemia disorders can also cause severe vomiting in babies and young children. This disorder requires early diagnosis and treatment. Anxiety and stress can also cause intractable nausea and vomiting in children. These cases may require individual or family counseling to manage psychological factors that cause symptoms. Intractable nausea and vomiting not caused by chemotherapy is a complicated condition that can affect a patient’s life. Doctors should work with parents and caregivers to help babies, children, and teens with this condition recover. Early diagnosis and treatment are key.

Factors to think about when prescribing

Prescriptions require careful consideration of many factors. When choosing treatment, doctors must consider the patient’s medical history, physical condition, age, gender, weight, and lifestyle. Prescriptions must consider drug risks and benefits. Patient benefits must be weighed against medication side effects. Some drugs cause drowsiness, nausea, or allergic reactions. The medication may reduce pain, improve mobility, or reduce the risk of further health issues. Treatment dosage and duration are crucial. To reduce side effects and drug interactions, doctors should prescribe the lowest dose for the shortest time. They should also consider abuse, dependence, and addiction and closely monitor patients for misuse or side effects. Healthcare professionals must also be aware of contraindications and medication interactions that could harm patients or reduce drug efficacy. Finally, patients must be involved in decision-making, given clear medication information, and informed of risks, benefits, and expected outcomes. By considering these factors, doctors can prescribe safe, effective medication that meets each patient’s needs.

Prescribing: supporting shared decision making

Prescriptions are complicated and require careful consideration of many factors. Healthcare professionals now recognize the importance of shared decision making when prescribing medication. This method involves collaborating with the patient to determine the best treatment based on their needs, preferences, and goals. Healthcare professionals can empower patients to make informed treatment decisions by using a shared decision-making approach to prescribing. Transparency and shared responsibility also build trust between patients and healthcare providers. Shared decision making improves health outcomes because patients are more likely to follow treatment plans they helped create. Healthcare professionals should prioritize shared decision making in prescribing to improve patient-centered care and health outcomes.

Severe treatment-resistant epilepsy

Severe treatment-resistant epilepsy does not respond to antiepileptic drugs. Recurrent seizures disrupt daily life, increase injury risk, and impair cognitive and psychological functions. Treatment-resistant epilepsy patients may require specialized care due to frequent seizures despite multiple medications. Treatment-resistant epilepsy seizures can last several minutes and require emergency medical treatment to prevent permanent damage. Genetic predisposition, brain damage or injury, infections, and developmental disorders are risk factors for treatment-resistant epilepsy, whose causes are unknown. Surgery, dietary therapy, and implantable vagus nerve stimulators or responsive neurostimulation systems can treat severe treatment-resistant epilepsy. Patients with treatment-resistant epilepsy must work with their doctors to find the right treatment combination to manage their condition and reduce the impact of seizures on their quality of life.

Why the committee made the recommendations

After extensive research and analysis, the committee recommended. They examined data, trends, and the effects of past policies and practices. The members also sought input from stakeholders and experts on the issues. They also considered feasibility, cost, and ethics to ensure the proposed solutions are ethical and sustainable. To achieve the best results for all, the committee addressed the underlying issues comprehensively and strategically. Thus, the recommendations are balanced, evidence-based, and collaborative, promoting fairness, equity, and effectiveness in the area of concern.

Why the committee made the research recommendations

The research recommendation committee considered many factors. They first had to identify research gaps or areas that needed further study. Reviewing current literature, consulting experts, and analyzing data to identify trends and patterns were required. The committee prioritized based on research impact, feasibility, and resources. The committee identified research needs and considered the research context. They considered research ethics and society’s impact. They also examined trends and best practices in related fields to ensure the recommended research was current. The committee’s recommendations addressed knowledge gaps, advanced the field, and supported the development of effective interventions and policies. The committee made relevant and ethical recommendations by carefully considering the research context and its potential impact on individuals and society.

How the recommendations might affect practice

Recommendations and Practice This article’s recommendations will shape [insert relevant field] practice. To align practice with these recommendations, several key changes may be needed, which may affect how practitioners work. This article recommends a more collaborative and participatory practice. From design to evaluation, clients and other stakeholders must be involved in the intervention. This approach requires a departure from the expert-led model of practice, where practitioners are the sole authority on client needs. Instead, practitioners should listen to and use their clients’ perspectives and experiences. Evidence-based practices are another suggestion. This means using rigorously tested and proven interventions rather than popular or intuitive methods without empirical support. This requires practitioners to stay abreast of new research and update their practice accordingly. These suggestions could greatly enhance [insert relevant field] practice. However, implementing these changes will require a major shift in how practitioners work and may require additional training and support to be successful.

Prescribing: who should prescribe and shared care

Who prescribes medication is crucial. A patient’s primary care physician often prescribes and manages medication. Specialists and nurse practitioners may also prescribe medication. For patients with complex medical needs or chronic conditions, shared care can help manage medications. Shared care involves healthcare providers working together to coordinate and address all patient needs. Discussing dosages, interactions, and side effects may be necessary. To provide the best care to patients, all members of a patient’s healthcare team must communicate.

How does the FDA regulate CBD?

The FDA oversees drug, supplement, and other health product safety and efficacy. The agency has provided some guidelines for companies selling CBD products, particularly those claiming medicinal benefits. In December 2018, the FDA stated that CBD is a drug and must be regulated like any other drug. They also stated that CBD cannot be added to cross-state food or beverages without FDA approval. The agency must approve any CBD-infused food or drink before selling it. The FDA is also monitoring companies that claim CBD can treat or cure specific medical conditions. While the agency has yet to take action against these companies, they have stated that they will strongly pursue any products making false or misleading claims about their CBD content or benefits. The FDA’s regulation of CBD is still evolving, but its focus on strict standards and clear labeling is a positive step for the industry.

Will the FDA ever regulate CBD?

Many consumers and industry players worry about FDA regulation of CBD. Since CBD is a Schedule I controlled substance under the CSA of 1970, the FDA does not regulate it. CBD-infused products have emerged since the 2018 Farm Bill legalized hemp-derived CBD with less than 0.3% THC. Thus, CBD use, production, and sale must be regulated to protect consumers. The FDA has taken steps to regulate CBD. The FDA approved GW Pharmaceuticals’ CBD-based drug in 2018, proving CBD’s therapeutic potential. Since then, the FDA has shown interest in CBD’s therapeutic potential while regulating its use. In 2021, the FDA began a comprehensive review of CBD products, examining scientific data on safety, efficacy, and quality. The FDA’s review aims to create safe, high-quality CBD product regulations. The process has taken longer than expected, and unregulated companies have sold unsafe or mislabeled products to consumers. As consumers use CBD products, demand for quality assurance and transparency rises, making it more likely that the FDA will fully regulate CBD in the future.

Frequently Asked Questions and Answers about Medical Cannabis

  1. What are cannabis-based medicinal products?

Cannabis-based medicinal products are products that contain active ingredients derived from the cannabis plant, such as THC and CBD, and are used for medicinal purposes.

  1. Are cannabis-based medicinal products legal in the UK?

Yes, cannabis-based medicinal products have been legal in the UK since November 2018. However, they are only available with a prescription from a healthcare professional and are subject to strict regulations.

  1. What medical conditions can cannabis-based medicinal products be used to treat?

Cannabis-based medicinal products can be used to treat a range of medical conditions, such as chronic pain, spasticity in multiple sclerosis, and nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. However, their use is generally reserved for patients who have not responded to conventional treatments.

  1. How do I get a prescription for cannabis-based medicinal products?

You can only obtain a prescription for cannabis-based medicinal products from a specialist doctor on the General Medical Council’s Specialist Register. The doctor must also be satisfied that other treatment options have been exhausted or would not be appropriate.

  1. Can I buy cannabis-based medicinal products over the counter?

No, cannabis-based medicinal products are prescription-only medicines and cannot be purchased over the counter.

Is CBD a controlled substance under federal law?

CBD’s federal legality is complicated and has changed frequently. CBD is not a federally controlled substance, but its legal status depends on several factors. Due to its links to marijuana, CBD was Schedule I under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970. The 2018 Farm Bill legalized hemp and its derivatives, including CBD, under certain conditions, challenging this classification. The Farm Bill only allows CBD from hemp plants with less than 0.3% THC (the psychoactive compound found in marijuana). Federal law still controls CBD from marijuana plants. CBD products cannot be marketed as dietary supplements, and companies cannot make therapeutic claims without FDA approval. CBD is not a controlled substance under federal law, but consumers and businesses must follow strict guidelines to stay legal. Before buying or selling CBD products, check your state’s laws and consult legal experts.

What is the role of cannabinoids in pain management?

Cannabinoids’ pain-relieving properties have garnered attention recently. Cannabis compounds interact with brain and body receptors to alter pain perception and relieve chronic pain. THC and CBD may reduce neuropathic, arthritis, and cancer-related pain, according to preliminary studies. Cannabinoids also reduce inflammation-related pain. Alternative pain management patients are turning to medical marijuana and CBD products. Cannabinoids may help manage pain, but more research is needed to determine the best dose, route, and long-term effects. Medical marijuana legalization in the US and other countries should also increase research and treatment options.

Are cannabinoids useful to relieve chronic pain?

Cannabis cannabinoids have been used for centuries to treat pain, including chronic pain. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) controls pain, inflammation, and immune function, making cannabinoids a promising treatment for chronic pain. Medical professionals may prescribe cannabis based products that contain THC and CBD, two of the most popular cannabinoids, to treat chronic pain caused by multiple sclerosis, arthritis, and fibromyalgia. In fact, a Journal of Pain study found that cannabis use for eight weeks reduced chronic neuropathic pain and improved quality of life. Additionally, unlicensed cannabis based products have shown promise in alleviating intractable chemotherapy induced nausea. However, physicians must carefully consider the side effects of cannabinoids before prescribing medicines derived from cannabis plants. It is essential to discuss any new chronic pain treatment with a doctor first to determine which cannabinoid formulations and dosages work best for specific chronic pain types.

Summary

Minimalism, which advocates living with less and focusing on what matters, is not just a lifestyle choice, but a way to improve one’s well-being. Simplifying your life by decluttering your surroundings and practicing mindfulness is known to reduce stress, boost happiness, and free up time for your passions. One of the ways Minimalism emphasizes intentional living is by consuming mindfully and valuing experiences over possessions. While starting a gratitude practice and letting go of unused items are easy ways to start, there are other treatments like the use of cannabis based products. Although cannabis based medicine may have some adverse effects, its clinical efficacy has been proven. Minimalism is not about deprivation, but about finding freedom and fulfillment in a simpler life. By simplifying and decluttering your home, work, and relationships, Minimalism can enrich your life.

Who would benefit from this

Who Gains? Digitization has changed how we work with data. Data helps online businesses make decisions. Workforce analytics helps. Data analysis helps companies understand their workforce. This tool benefits whom? Workforce analytics can help large companies evaluate their employees. They can identify areas where employees need more training or support. This improves employee performance and productivity. Workforce analytics also identifies high-performing employees who could advance in the company. Better compensation, promotions, and leadership opportunities could improve employee engagement and retention. Workforce analytics can help HR managers recruit, retain, and develop employees. It helps HR teams schedule and manage employee workloads. They can use the tool to find the most productive times and days and adjust workloads. HR managers can use workforce analytics to evaluate training programs, employee satisfaction, and diversity. Workforce analytics benefit any company that relies on employee productivity and engagement. The tool helps companies optimize productivity, identify employee strengths and weaknesses, and manage staff resources. Workforce analytics improves employee retention and engagement, boosting business success.

Statistics about CBD and THC

  1. In November 2018, the UK government legalized the use of cannabis-based medicinal products for patients with certain medical conditions. (Source: BBC News – https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-46098469)
  2. As of March 2021, there were 4 cannabis-based medicinal products available on the NHS for patients with conditions such as epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. (Source: NHS England – https://www.england.nhs.uk/medicines/cannabis-based-products-for-medicinal-use/)
  3. Between November 2018 and March 2020, there were only 3 NHS prescriptions for cannabis-based medicinal products. (Source: Pharmaceutical Journal – https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/news-and-analysis/news/nhs-prescriptions-for-cannabis-medicines-hit-just-3-since-law-change/20208113.article)
  4. In 2020, there were 2,288 private prescriptions for cannabis-based medicinal products, a 50% increase from 2019. (Source: BBC News – https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-54363946)
  5. The cost of a typical month’s supply of cannabis-based medicinal products can range from £200 to £2,000. (Source: The Guardian – https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/jun/22/private-cannabis-prescriptions-rocket-in-uk-as-nhs-offers-just-three)
  6. In a survey of UK healthcare professionals in 2020, 6 out of 10 said they had not prescribed cannabis-based medicinal products, citing lack of knowledge and training as barriers. (Source: British Journal of General Practice – https://bjgp.org/content/70/699/e710)
  7. Cannabis-based medicinal products are not covered by the NHS England Specialised Services commissioning policy, meaning that patients must apply for funding from their local clinical commissioning group (CCG) on a case-by-case basis. (Source: NHS England – https
  1. National Health Service (NHS) - The official website of the NHS provides reliable information on cannabis-based medicinal products in the UK, including their uses, benefits, risks, and regulations.

  2. The Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) - The MHRA is responsible for regulating all medicines in the UK, including cannabis-based medicinal products. Their website provides information on licensing and regulation of cannabis-based products.

  3. The British Medical Journal (BMJ) - The BMJ is a reputable medical journal that publishes research and information on cannabis-based medicinal products and their use in the UK.

  4. The Royal College of Physicians (RCP) - The RCP is a professional organization that provides guidance on the use of cannabis-based medicinal products in the UK.

  5. The British Pharmacological Society (BPS) - The BPS is a learned society that promotes research and education in pharmacology, including the use of cannabis-based medicinal products.

  6. The Association for Cannabinoid Industry (ACI) - The ACI is a trade association that represents businesses involved in the development and supply of cannabis-based medicinal products in the UK.

  7. The British Cannabis Industry Association (BCIA) - The BCIA is a trade association that represents businesses involved in the cannabis industry.

Available Treatments